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The first computer printer designed was a mechanically driven apparatus by Charles Babbage for his difference engine in the 19th century; however, his mechanical printer design was not built until 2000.[4]
The first patented printing mechanism for applying a marking medium to a recording medium, or more particularly an electrostatic inking apparatus and a method for electrostatically depositing ink on controlled areas of a receiving medium, was in 1962 by C. R. Winston, Teletype Corporation, using continuous inkjet printing. The ink was a red stamp-pad ink manufactured by Phillips Process Company of Rochester, NY under the name Clear Print. This patent (US3060429) led to the Teletype Inktronic Printer product delivered to customers in late 1966.[5]
The first compact, lightweight digital printer was the EP-101, invented by Japanese company Epson and released in 1968, according to Epson.[6][7][8]
Hat press machine price in Nigeria
The first commercial printers generally used mechanisms from electric typewriters and Teletype machines. The demand for higher speed led to the development of new systems specifically for computer use. In the 1980s there were daisy wheel systems similar to typewriters, line printers that produced similar output but at much higher speed, and dot-matrix systems that could mix text and graphics but produced relatively low-quality output. The plotter was used for those requiring high-quality line art like blueprints.
The introduction of the low-cost laser printer in 1984, with the first HP LaserJet,[9] and the addition of PostScript in next year’s Apple LaserWriter set off a revolution in printing known as desktop publishing.[10] Laser printers using PostScript mixed text and graphics, like dot-matrix printers, but at quality levels formerly available only from commercial typesetting systems. By 1990, most simple printing tasks like fliers and brochures were now created on personal computers and then laser printed; expensive offset printing systems were being dumped as scrap. The HP Deskjet of 1988 offered the same advantages as a laser printer in terms of flexibility, but produced somewhat lower-quality output (depending on the paper) from much less-expensive mechanisms. Inkjet systems rapidly displaced dot-matrix and daisy-wheel printers from the market. By the 2000s, high-quality printers of this sort had fallen under the $100 price point and became commonplace.
The rapid improvement of internet email through the 1990s and into the 2000s has largely displaced the need for printing as a means of moving documents, and a wide variety of reliable storage systems means that a “physical backup” is of little benefit today.
Starting around 2010, 3D printing became an area of intense interest, allowing the creation of physical objects with the same sort of effort as an early laser printer required to produce a brochure. These devices are in their earliest stages of development and have not yet become commonplace.[citation needed]
Types
Personal printers are primarily designed to support individual users, and may be connected to only a single computer. These printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs, requiring minimal setup time to produce a hard copy of a given document. However, they are generally slow devices ranging from 6 to around 25 pages per minute (ppm), and the cost per page is relatively high. However, this is offset by the on-demand convenience. Some printers can print documents stored on memory cards or from digital cameras and scanners.
Networked or shared printers are “designed for high-volume, high-speed printing”. They are usually shared by many users on a network and can print at speeds of 45 to around 100 ppm.[11] The Xerox 9700 could achieve 120 ppm.
A virtual printer is a piece of computer software whose user interface and API resembles that of a printer driver, but which is not connected with a physical computer printer. A virtual printer can be used to create a file which is an image of the data which would be printed, for archival purposes or as input to another program, for example to create a PDF or to transmit to another system or user.
A barcode printer is a computer peripheral for printing barcode labels or tags that can be attached to, or printed directly on, physical objects. Barcode printers are commonly used to label cartons before shipment, or to label retail items with UPCs or EANs.
A 3D printer is a device for making a three-dimensional object from a 3D model or other electronic data source through additive processes in which successive layers of material (including plastics, metals, food, cement, wood, and other materials) are laid down under computer control. It is called a printer by analogy with an inkjet printer which produces a two-dimensional document by a similar process of depositing a layer of ink on paper.
Technology
The choice of print technology has a great effect on the cost of the printer and cost of operation, speed, quality and permanence of documents, and noise. Some printer technologies do not work with certain types of physical media, such as carbon paper or transparencies.
A second aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink, such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon, becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with liquid ink are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.
Cheques can be printed with liquid ink or on special cheque paper with toner anchorage so that alterations may be detected.[12] The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.
Modern print technology
The following printing technologies are routinely found in modern printers:
Toner-based printers
Main article: Laser printing
A laser printer rapidly produces high quality text and graphics. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer’s photoreceptor.
Another toner-based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs instead of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.
Liquid inkjet printers
Liquid ink cartridge from Hewlett-Packard HP 845C inkjet printer
HP Deskjet, an inkjet printer
Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably sized droplets of liquid ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer used by consumers.
Solid ink printers
Main article: Solid ink
Solid ink printers, also known as phase-change ink or hot-melt ink printers, are a type of thermal transfer printer, graphics sheet printer or 3D printer . They use solid sticks, crayons, pearls or granular ink materials. Common inks are CMYK-colored ink, similar in consistency to candle wax, which are melted and fed into a piezo crystal operated print-head. A Thermal transfer printhead jets the liquid ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is immediately transferred, or transfixed, to the page. Solid ink printers are most commonly used as color office printers and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Solid ink is also called phase-change or hot-melt ink was first used by Data Products and Howtek, Inc., in 1984.[13] Solid ink printers can produce excellent results with text and images. Some solid ink printers have evolved to print 3D models, for example, Visual Impact Corporation[14] of Windham, NH was started by retired Howtek employee, Richard Helinski whose 3D patents US4721635 and then US5136515 was licensed to Sanders Prototype, Inc., later named Solidscape, Inc. Acquisition and operating costs are similar to laser printers. Drawbacks of the technology include high energy consumption and long warm-up times from a cold state. Also, some users complain that the resulting prints are difficult to write on, as the wax tends to repel inks from pens, and are difficult to feed through automatic document feeders, but these traits have been significantly reduced in later models. This type of thermal transfer printer is only available from one manufacturer, Xerox, manufactured as part of their Xerox Phaser office printer line. Previously, solid ink printers were manufactured by Tektronix, but Tektronix sold the printing business to Xerox in 2001.
Dye-sublimation printers
Main article: Dye-sublimation printer
A disassembled dye sublimation cartridge
A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a printer that employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, paper, or canvas. The process is usually to lay one colour at a time using a ribbon that has colour panels. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high-quality colour applications, including colour photography; and are less well-suited for text. While once the province of high-end print shops, dye-sublimation printers are now increasingly used as dedicated consumer photo printers.
Thermal printers
Receipt printer printing a Twitter timeline
Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some older inexpensive fax machines. Colours can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colours; these coloured sheets are not required in black-and-white output. One example is Zink (a portmanteau of “zero ink”).
Obsolete and special-purpose printing technologies
Epson MX-80, a popular model of dot-matrix printer in use for many years
The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use.
Impact printers
Impact printers rely on a forcible impact to transfer ink to the media. The impact printer uses a print head that either hits the surface of the ink ribbon, pressing the ink ribbon against the paper (similar to the action of a typewriter), or, less commonly, hits the back of the paper, pressing the paper against the ink ribbon (the IBM 1403 for example). All but the dot matrix printer rely on the use of fully formed characters, letterforms that represent each of the characters that the printer was capable of printing. In addition, most of these printers were limited to monochrome, or sometimes two-color, printing in a single typeface at one time, although bolding and underlining of text could be done by “overstriking”, that is, printing two or more impressions either in the same character position or slightly offset. Impact printers varieties include typewriter-derived printers, teletypewriter-derived printers, daisywheel printers, dot matrix printers, and line printers. Dot-matrix printers remain in common use in businesses where multi-part forms are printed. An overview of impact printing[15] contains a detailed description of many of the technologies used.
Typewriter-derived printers
typeball print element from IBM Selectric-type printer
Main articles: Friden Flexowriter and IBM Selectric typewriter
Several different computer printers were simply computer-controllable versions of existing electric typewriters. The Friden Flexowriter and IBM Selectric-based printers were the most-common examples. The Flexowriter printed with a conventional typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM’s well-known “golf ball” printing mechanism. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon which was pressed against the paper, printing one character at a time. The maximum speed of the Selectric printer (the faster of the two) was 15.5 characters per second.
Teletypewriter-derived printers
Main article: Teleprinter
The common teleprinter could easily be interfaced with the computer and became very popular except for those computers manufactured by IBM. Some models used a “typebox” that was positioned, in the X- and Y-axes, by a mechanism, and the selected letter form was struck by a hammer. Others used a type cylinder in a similar way as the Selectric typewriters used their type ball. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon to print the letterform. Most teleprinters operated at ten characters per second although a few achieved 15 CPS.
Daisy wheel printers
“daisy wheel” print element
Main article: Daisy wheel printer
Daisy wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a typewriter. A hammer strikes a wheel with petals, the “daisy wheel”, each petal containing a letter form at its tip. The letter form strikes a ribbon of ink, depositing the ink on the page and thus printing a character. By rotating the daisy wheel, different characters are selected for printing. These printers were also referred to as letter-quality printers because they could produce text which was as clear and crisp as a typewriter. The fastest letter-quality printers printed at 30 characters per second.
Dot-matrix printers
Main article: Dot matrix printer
Sample output from 9-pin dot matrix printer (one character expanded to show detail)
The term dot matrix printer is used for impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to transfer ink to the page.[16] The advantage of dot matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce graphical images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms (type).
Dot-matrix printers can be broadly divided into two major classes:
Ballistic wire printers
Stored energy printers
Dot matrix printers can either be character-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the configuration of the print head.
In the 1970s and ’80s, dot matrix printers were one of the more common types of printers used for general use, such as for home and small office use. Such printers normally had either 9 or 24 pins on the print head (early 7 pin printers also existed, which did not print descenders). There was a period during the early home computer era when a range of printers were manufactured under many brands such as the Commodore VIC-1525 using the Seikosha Uni-Hammer system. This used a single solenoid with an oblique striker that would be actuated 7 times for each column of 7 vertical pixels while the head was moving at a constant speed. The angle of the striker would align the dots vertically even though the head had moved one dot spacing in the time. The vertical dot position was controlled by a synchronized longitudinally ribbed platen behind the paper that rotated rapidly with a rib moving vertically seven dot spacings in the time it took to print one pixel column.[17] 24-pin print heads were able to print at a higher quality and started to offer additional type styles and were marketed as Near Letter Quality by some vendors. Once the price of inkjet printers dropped to the point where they were competitive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers began to fall out of favour for general use.
Some dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded to print in colour. This is achieved through the use of a four-colour ribbon mounted on a mechanism (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raises and lowers the ribbons as needed. Colour graphics are generally printed in four passes at standard resolution, thus slowing down printing considerably. As a result, colour graphics can take up to four times longer to print than standard monochrome graphics, or up to 8-16 times as long at high resolution mode.
Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications such as cash registers, or in demanding, very high volume applications like invoice printing. Impact printing, unlike laser printing, allows the pressure of the print head to be applied to a stack of two or more forms to print multi-part documents such as sales invoices and credit card receipts using continuous stationery with carbonless copy paper. It also has security advantages as ink impressed into a paper matrix by force is harder to erase invisibly. Dot-matrix printers were being superseded even as receipt printers after the end of the twentieth century.
Line printers
Main article: Line printer
Line printers print an entire line of text at a time. Four principal designs exist.
Print drum from drum printer
Drum printers, where a horizontally mounted rotating drum carries the entire character set of the printer repeated in each printable character position. The IBM 1132 printer is an example of a drum printer.[18] Drum printers are also found in adding machines and other numeric printers (POS), the dimensions are compact as only a dozen characters need to be supported.[19]
IBM 1403 line printer
Chain or train printers, where the character set is arranged multiple times around a linked chain or a set of character slugs in a track traveling horizontally past the print line. The IBM 1403 is perhaps the most popular and comes in both chain and train varieties. The band printer is a later variant where the characters are embossed on a flexible steel band. The LP27 from Digital Equipment Corporation is a band printer.
Bar printers, where the character set is attached to a solid bar that moves horizontally along the print line, such as the IBM 1443.[20]
A fourth design, used mainly on very early printers such as the IBM 402, features independent type bars, one for each printable position. Each bar contains the character set to be printed. The bars move vertically to position the character to be printed in front of the print hammer.[21]
In each case, to print a line, precisely timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward against a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the character form is printed onto the paper. Each system could have slight timing issues, which could cause minor misalignment of the resulting printed characters. For drum or typebar printers, this appeared as vertical misalignment, with characters being printed slightly above or below the rest of the line. In chain or bar printers, the misalignment was horizontal, with printed characters being crowded closer together or farther apart. This was much less noticeable to human vision than vertical misalignment, where characters seemed to bounce up and down in the line, so they were considered as higher quality print.
Comb printers, also called line matrix printers, represent the fifth major design. These printers are a hybrid of dot matrix printing and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers prints a portion of a row of pixels at one time, such as every eighth pixel. By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the entire pixel row can be printed, continuing the example, in just eight cycles. The paper then advances, and the next pixel row is printed. Because far less motion is involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers are very fast compared to dot matrix printers and are competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot matrix graphics. The Printronix P7000 series of line matrix printers are still manufactured as of 2013.
Line printers are the fastest of all impact printers and are used for bulk printing in large computer centres. A line printer can print at 1100 lines per minute or faster, frequently printing pages more rapidly than many current laser printers. On the other hand, the mechanical components of line printers operate with tight tolerances and require regular preventive maintenance (PM) to produce a top quality print. They are virtually never used with personal computers and have now been replaced by high-speed laser printers. The legacy of line printers lives on in many operating systems, which use the abbreviations “lp”, “lpr”, or “LPT” to refer to printers.
Liquid ink electrostatic printers
Liquid ink electrostatic printers use a chemical coated paper, which is charged by the print head according to the image of the document.[22] The paper is passed near a pool of liquid ink with the opposite charge. The charged areas of the paper attract the ink and thus form the image. This process was developed from the process of electrostatic copying.[23] Color reproduction is very accurate, and because there is no heating the scale distortion is less than ±0.1%. (All laser printers have an accuracy of ±1%.)
Worldwide, most survey offices used this printer before color inkjet plotters become popular. Liquid ink electrostatic printers were mostly available in 36 to 54 inches (910 to 1,370 mm) width and also 6 color printing. These were also used to print large billboards. It was first introduced by Versatec, which was later bought by Xerox. 3M also used to make these printers.[24]
Plotters
Main article: Plotter
A Calcomp 565 drum plotter
Pen-based plotters were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and architectural firms. Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper (but not impact, per se) and special purpose pens that are mechanically run over the paper to create text and images. Since the pens output continuous lines, they were able to produce technical drawings of higher resolution than was achievable with dot-matrix technology.[25] Some plotters used roll-fed paper, and therefore had a minimal restriction on the size of the output in one dimension. These plotters were capable of producing quite sizable drawings.
Other printers
A number of other sorts of printers are important for historical reasons, or for special purpose uses.
Digital minilab (photographic paper)
Electrolytic printers
Spark printer
Barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
Billboard / sign paint spray printers
Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
Microsphere (special paper)
Attributes
Connectivity
Printers can be connected to computers in many ways: directly by a dedicated data cable such as the USB, through a short-range radio like Bluetooth, a local area network using cables (such as the Ethernet) or radio (such as WiFi), or on a standalone basis without a computer, using a memory card or other portable data storage device.
More than half of all printers sold at U.S. retail in 2010 were wireless-capable, but nearly three-quarters of consumers who have access to those printers weren’t taking advantage of the increased access to print from multiple devices according to the new Wireless Printing Study.
Printer control languages
Most printers other than line printers accept control characters or unique character sequences to control various printer functions. These may range from shifting from lower to upper case or from black to red ribbon on typewriter printers to switching fonts and changing character sizes and colors on raster printers. Early printer controls were not standardized, with each manufacturer’s equipment having its own set. The IBM Personal Printer Data Stream (PPDS) became a commonly used command set for dot-matrix printers.
Today, most printers accept one or more page description languages (PDLs). Laser printers with greater processing power frequently offer support for variants of Hewlett-Packard’s Printer Command Language (PCL), PostScript or XML Paper Specification. Most inkjet devices support manufacturer proprietary PDLs such as ESC/P. The diversity in mobile platforms have led to various standardization efforts around device PDLs such as the Printer Working Group (PWG’s) PWG Raster.
Printing speed
The speed of early printers was measured in units of characters per minute (cpm) for character printers, or lines per minute (lpm) for line printers. Modern printers are measured in pages per minute (ppm). These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well standardised as toner yields. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print much more slowly, especially colour images. Speeds in ppm usually apply to A4 paper in most countries in the world, and letter paper size, about 6% shorter, in North America.
Printing mode
The data received by a printer may be:
A string of characters
A bitmapped image
A vector image
A computer program written in a page description language, such as PCL or PostScript
Some printers can process all four types of data, others not.
Character printers, such as daisy wheel printers, can handle only plain text data or rather simple point plots.
Pen plotters typically process vector images. Inkjet based plotters can adequately reproduce all four.
Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all four. This is especially true of printers equipped with support for PCL or PostScript, which includes the vast majority of printers produced today.
Today it is possible to print everything (even plain text) by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer. This allows better control over formatting, especially among machines from different vendors. Many printer drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of it.[citation needed]
Monochrome, colour and photo printers
A monochrome printer can only produce monochrome images, with only shades of a single colour. Most printers can produce only two colors, black (ink) and white (no ink). With half-tonning techniques, however, such a printer can produce acceptable grey-scale images too
A colour printer can produce images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints made from photographic film.
Page yield
The page yield is number of pages that can be printed from a toner cartridge or ink cartridge—before the cartridge needs to be refilled or replaced. The actual number of pages yielded by a specific cartridge depends on a number of factors.[26]
For a fair comparison, many laser printer manufacturers use the ISO/IEC 19752 process to measure the toner cartridge yield.[27][28]
Economics
In order to fairly compare operating expenses of printers with a relatively small ink cartridge to printers with a larger, more expensive toner cartridge that typically holds more toner and so prints more pages before the cartridge needs to be replaced, many people prefer to estimate operating expenses in terms of cost per page (CPP).[27]
Retailers often apply the “razor and blades” model: a company may sell a printer at cost and make profits on the ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. This has caused legal disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer to sell compatible ink cartridges. To protect their business model, several manufacturers invest heavily in developing new cartridge technology and patenting it.
Other manufacturers, in reaction to the challenges from using this business model, choose to make more money on printers and less on ink, promoting the latter through their advertising campaigns. Finally, this generates two clearly different proposals: “cheap printer – expensive ink” or “expensive printer – cheap ink”. Ultimately, the consumer decision depends on their reference interest rate or their time preference. From an economics viewpoint, there is a clear trade-off between cost per copy and cost of the printer.
Printer steganography
An illustration showing small yellow tracking dots on white paper, generated by a color laser printer
Main article: Printer steganography
Printer steganography is a type of steganography – “hiding data within data”[29] – produced by color printers, including Brother, Canon, Dell, Epson, HP, IBM, Konica Minolta, Kyocera, Lanier, Lexmark, Ricoh, Toshiba and Xerox[30] brand color laser printers, where tiny yellow dots are added to each page. The dots are barely visible and contain encoded printer serial numbers, as well as date and time stamps.
What Type of Fabric Printing Machine Do You Need?
The fabric printing machines we’ll be focusing on are dye sublimation, direct-to-fabric and hybrid printers. Ultimately, your printing application will determine the type of fabric printing machine you need.
If you’re printing on materials like cotton, silk or nylon, a direct-to-fabric printing machine will provide the exact chemistry you need. For polyester materials, you’ll need a dye sublimation printer.
Dye Sublimation Printers
Dye sublimation printing is an integral part of the textile market. The process creates the perfect chemistry for printing on polyester, which is one of the most popular textiles used for soft signage at tradeshows, airports and malls. Sports apparel and home décor such as tapestries and shower curtains are also best printed using dye sublimation techniques.
Here are our picks for the top dye sublimation models currently available.
Epson SureColor F7200
The Epson F7200 delivers amazing print results while maintaining a remarkably simpleoperation. With a great entry-level price and a 64” print width, the F7200 is the perfect choice for those looking to get started with dye sublimation fabric printing.
Pricing
MSRP: $15,995
Estimated Street Price: $12,995
Mutoh VJ-1638WX
While it may be simpler than the Mimaki TS300, the Mutoh VJ-1638 is still ideal for everyday dye sublimation printing. This fabric printer offers eight-color channel printing, flexible ink choices and outstanding performance at a competitive price.
Pricing
MSRP: $26,495
Estimated Street Price: $21,995
Roland XT-640
On par with Mutoh and Mimaki, Roland’s XT-640 model is an eight-color channel printer designed for production printing. Pink and yellow fluorescent inks are also available with this printer.
Pricing
MSRP: $29,995
Estimated Street Price: $25,995
Epson SureColor F570
New in 2020, Epson’s SureColor F570 is a desktop model that was engineered for high-performance printing on products like awards, coffee mugs and mousepads. This model is an entry-level consumer dye sublimation and large format industrial dye sublimation crossover printer. High-capacity ink bottles come with an auto-stop for mess-free, cost-effective filling.
Pricing
MSRP: $2,695
Estimated Street Price: $2,495
Epson SureColor F6370
An intuitive, easy-to-use model, the SureColor F6370 is an updated version of the F6200.The simple user interface and fast drying times help streamline your workflows, while high-capacity ink tanks lower your cost of ownership. This model also comes with the option of an add-on take-up reel system for reliable, unattended printing.
Pricing
MSRP: $7,995
Estimated Street Price: $7,495
Epson SureColor F9470/ F9470H
Designed for high-volume environments, Epson’s SureColor F9470 and SureColorF9470H deliver high-speed reliable productivity. Enjoy high-capacity ink tanks for less downtime, dual printheads for fast print speeds and brilliant image quality. With theF9470H model, an enhanced printhead design gives you the option of printing with fluorescent pink and fluorescent yellow inks for even more vivid colors.
Pricing
MSRP: $27,995
Estimated Street Price: $24,995
Mimaki CJV300-160 Plus
As a highly acclaimed roll-to-roll printer/cutter, the CJV300-160 is known well in the sign and graphics industry. However, the CJV300 enables businesses to go well beyond posters and banners, opening up a world of production in the sublimation market. The combination of printing and cutting in one machine offers great efficiencies for applications where cutting the paper is required before sublimating to the intended product. Printing to coffee mugs is a great example.
Pricing
MSRP: $20,995
Estimated Street Price: $18,995
Mimaki TS55-1800
Taking the reigns as Mimaki’s flagship dye sublimation printer, the new TS55-1800 is one of the fastest on the market and boasts advanced levels of quality and productivity.Mimaki’s Sb610 sublimation inks produce vibrant, long-lasting colors, even at fast printing speeds. Add-on items like a mini jumbo roll unit that lets you load over 8,000 ft. of transfer paper and a 10L bulk ink system significantly reduce downtime for maximum production printing.
Pricing
MSRP: $31,995
Estimated Street Price: $29,995
Mutoh VJ-2638WX
A grand-format dye sublimation printer, the VJ-2638WS features a staggered dual-head design that makes printing super-wide images fast and easy. This Mutoh allows for print widths of over eight feet wide, making it ideal for printing tradeshow graphics, flags, banners and other popular applications
Pricing
MSRP: $49,995
Estimated Street Price: $39,995
For a quick comparison, here’s a breakdown of the most important features of each dye sublimation printer.
Mutoh Roland Epson Epson Epson Mimaki Mimaki Mutoh Mutoh
Model VJ-1638 XT-640 SureColor F570 SureColor F6370 SureColor F9470 CJV300-160 Plus TS55-1800 VJ-1628WX VJ-2638WS
MSRP $26,495 $29,995 $2,695 $7,995 $27,995 $20,995 $31,995 $18,495 $49,995
Estimated Street Price $21,995 $25,995 $2,495 $7,495 $24,995 $18,995 $29,995 $16,495 $39,995
Max. Print Width 63.6″ 63.6″ 24″ 43.8″ 63.6″ 63.3″ 76.4″ 63.6″ 103.6″
Max. Media Width 64″ 64″ 24.4″ 44″ 64″ 63.7″ 76.8″ 64″ 104″
Number of Ink Channels/Colors 8 8 4 up to 6 up to 6 8 8 8 8
Head Type Epson Epson Epson PrecisionCore MicroTFP Epson PrecisionCore TFP Print Head Epson PrecisionCore TFP Print Head Epson Piezo Head Undisclosed Epson Piezo Head Epson Piezo Head
Ink System Type *Third Party 1L Bulk 140mL 1.1L 140ml cart 2L 2L 1L 1L
Ink Cost *Third Party $99/L $18/140ml $115/L $115/L $120/L $120/L Depends on ink choice Depends on ink choice
Take Up Reel Included Included NO Optional Included Included Included Included Included
Max. Roll Weight 66 lbs. 88 lbs. N/A N/A 100 lbs. 99.2 lbs. 99.2 lbs. 66 lbs. 220 lbs.
Max. Roll Diameter 6″ 8.3″ 4.3″ 7″ N/A N/A 23.6″ 6″ 9.8″
Max. Print Resolution 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI 2,400 DPI 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI 1,200 DPI 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI
Expected Production Speed 450 sqft/hr (4 color mode) 450 sqft/hr (4 color mode) 680 sqft/hr 1,169 sqft/hr 450 sqft/hr 1,000 sqft/hr 200 sqft/hr 450 sqft/hr
Dimensions 106″ x 35″ x 50″ 111.7″ x 32.7″ x 65″ 38.2″ x 20.7″ x 9.6″ 63″ x 36″ x 45″ 103″ x 37″ x 53″ 109″ x 28″ x 55″ 127.5″ x 28″ x 73.1″ 106″ x 35″ x 50″ 146″ x 34.9″ x 49.65″
Weight 481 lbs. 471 lbs. 84 lbs. 207 lbs. 639 lbs. 392 lbs. 445 lbs. 289 lbs. 534 lbs.
Please note: All prices listed reflect pricing at the time of publication.
*Third party ink system and ink prices can vary.
Direct-to-Fabric Printers
When it comes to cotton, silk, nylon and all other (non-polyester) fibers, the dye sublimation paper transfer process won’t work. But that doesn’t mean that you can’t print on these fibers! The process will just require different ink chemistry so you can print directly onto fabrics and not have to transfer from paper. Polyester applications that require deep ink penetration — like printing on flags — can also benefit more from a direct print process.
Take a look at three of the top direct-to-fabric printing machines on the market today.
Mimaki TX300P-1800
The Mimaki TX300P is the perfect choice for entry-level and mid-level production, especially on woven goods. This fabric printer is simple to use and maintain and has thetechnical sophistication to help self-monitor its performance.
Pricing
MSRP: $27,995
Estimated Street Price: $27,995
Mimaki TX300P-1800B
The TX300P-1800B offers the same fabric printing technology as the standard TX300P-1800. However, the 1800B uses an adhesive print blanket to transport the fabric through the printer, which is critical for production printing on knit goods and delicate fabrics.This model also has a belt that keeps it from distorting and curling on the edges.
Pricing
MSRP: $79,995
Estimated Street Price: $77,995
Mutoh VJ-1938TX
Mutoh’s 1938TX model offers great entry-level and mid-level production fabric printing with flexible ink choice options. Like the standard Mimaki TX300P-1800, it’s best suited for printing on woven fabrics.
Pricing
MSRP: $39,995
Estimated Street Price: $32,995
Here’s a comparison chart of these direct-to-fabric printer models.
Description Mimaki Mimaki Mutoh
Model TX300P-1800 TX300P-1800B 1938TX
MSRP Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price. $35,995 $89,995 $39,995
Estimated Street Price Actual retail price. $33,995 $87.995 $32,995
Max. Print Width 75.6″ 74.02″ 74.8″
Max. Media Width 76″ 75″ 75″
Fabric Drive Method Pinch Rollers Adhesive Print Belt Pinch Rollers
Number of Ink Channels/Colors 8 8 8
Head Type Brand of the print head. Panasonic Panasonic Epson
Ink System Type The size of the cartridges/bottles. 2L Bulk 2L Bulk 1L Bulk
Ink Cost The price for the cartridges/bottle size listed in ink delivery. $85-$115 / L $85-$115 / L *Third Party
Take Up Reel Included Included Included
Max. Roll Weight Maximum acceptable weight for the roll in pounds. 88 lbs. 88 lbs. 220 lbs.
Max. Roll Diameter Not Available Not Available 9.8″
Max. Print Resolution Measured in DPI (dots per inch). 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI
Expected Production Speed How fast the printer works by sqft per hour. 250-350 sqft/hr 250-350 sqft/hr 250 sqft/hr
Dimensions The length, width and height of the printer. 126″ x 33.5″ x 73.1″ 125″ x 75.3″ x 72.6″ 117.4″ x 44.6″ x 49.6″
Weight How much the printer weighs in pounds. 470 lbs. 1,382 lbs. 670 lbs.
Please note: All prices listed reflect pricing at the time of publication.
*Third party ink system and ink prices can vary.
Hybrid Printers
Hybrid industrial inkjet printers bring together the best of both worlds. The models below can print on both transfer paper and direct to the fabric.
The concept here is to choose which method is best for the application. For example, some users prefer to print their polyester fabric backlit displays via the direct to fabric method instead using transfer paper. This helps the ink to get deeper penetration into the fabric. The result can lead to bolder color once the fabric is backlit.
Mimaki takes it one step further with their TX300P-1800MKII Hybrid printer, allowing users to have two different inks loaded simultaneously to print both polyesters and natural fibers with the same machine.
Below are a few of the top hybrid printer models available.
HP Stitch S300
The HP Stitch S300 is a front-operating dye sublimation printer with a built-in spectrophotometer (a tool for measuring the intensity of light) for consistent, accurate colors — even as environmental conditions change. This model features automatic printhead maintenance and the ability to replace the printheads yourself.
Pricing
MSRP: $14,995
Estimated Street Price: $14,995
HP Stitch S500
The Stitch S500 is a faster version than the S300, with 8 printheads. HP’s dye sublimation inks produce predictable color levels and operators even have the option of downloading and creating color profile for the closest visual color matches.
Pricing
MSRP: $27,995
Estimated Street Price: $27,995
Roland Texart RT-640
Roland’s Texart RT-640 was engineered for productivity and value. With easy-to-use controls, workflows and software, this Roland model is perfect for printing on branded apparel, interior décor, promotional items and more.
Pricing
MSRP: $16,995
Estimated Street Price: $15,996
Mimaki TX300P-1800 MKII
Brand new from Mimaki is the revolutionary TX300P-1800 MKII, which is a hybrid version of their TX300P-1800 model. This robust, hybrid printer feature dual-media and dual-ink capabilities, expanding the potential range of applications for various types of businesses. The bulk ink systems also reduces ink costs and makes unattended print jobs possible.
Pricing
MSRP: $27,995
Estimated Street Price: $27,995
Below is a comparison chart of these hybrid printer models.
Description HP HP Roland Mimaki
Model Stitch S300 Stitch S500 Texart RT-640 TX300P-1800MKII
MSRP Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price $14,995 $27,995 $16,995 $27,995
Estimated Street Price Actual retail price.
Max. Print Width 63.6″ 63.6″ 63.6″ 76.4″
Max. Media Width 64″ 64″ 64″ 76.8″
Number of Ink Channels/Colors 4 4 8 8
Head Type Brand of the print head. HP Thermal Inkjet HP Thermal Inkjet Epson Piezo Panasonic Piezo
Ink Delivery The size of the cartridges/bottles. 775mL 3L 1L 1L
Take Up Reel Included Included Included
Max. Roll Weight Maximum acceptable weight for the roll in pounds. 92.6 lbs. 121 lbs. 88 lbs. 88 lbs.
Max. Roll Diameter 9.8″ 9.8″ 8.3″
Max. Print Resolution Measured in DPI (dots per inch). 12,000 DPI 1,200 DPI 1,440 DPI 1,440 DPI
Expected production Speed How fast the printer works by sqft per hour. 365 sqft/hr 522 sqft/hr 351 sqft/hr 250-600 sqft/hr
Dimensions The length, width and height of the printer. 101″ x 28″ x 54″ 101″ x 28″ x 56″ 104.4″ x 31.3″ x 63″ 126″ x 38″ x 73″
Weight How much the printer weights in pounds. 377 lbs. 498 lbs. 353 lbs. 573.2 lbs.
Please note: All prices listed reflect pricing at the time of publication.
*Third party ink system and ink prices can vary.
Additional Considerations
Maintenance & Service
When you’re evaluating your digital fabric printing machine options, pay close attention to the level of maintenance and service included with your purchase. For example, Epson offers one of the best service plans in the industry. They have technicians available all over the country who will come to you if your printer breaks down, and they offer a two business day guarantee.
For manufacturers, like Mutoh and Mimaki, the distributor will typically provide service and support. ITNH is a great example here, since we cover service for Mimaki and Mutoh printers and support any application needs for Epson.
Training
For the most part, both dye sublimation and direct-to-fabric printers are very intuitive machines and similar to other wide format printers. First, there should be a review of the proper operation and maintenance for the printer. Then the focus should be on software and application training. The instructor should understand your intended print application and should adequately teach you how to use your purchased equipment to accomplish your application goals.
Material Costs
Ink: Most designs use a maximum of 1ml per square foot printed (all colors combined). To establish your estimated square foot ink price, take your 1 liter price and divide by 1,000. That will be a close approximation of your running ink costs. In many cases, RIP software will tell you the actual ink usage for print jobs even before they print.
Sublimation Transfer Paper: Depending on the exact paper brand, weight/thickness and order quantity, you can expect your square foot paper cost to be between $0.03 and $0.12.
Fabric: There is an endless offering of fabric types and styles. To get an accurate fabric cost estimate, you should contact an inkjet fabric printer expert. After a review your application, the best suited fabrics can be quoted.
All-in-One Digital Fabric Printers
Some fabric printing machines are offered as “all-in-one,” meaning there is a built-in heat fixation (or cure) and no need for an additional off-line device. There can be both benefits and downfalls with this type of equipment.
The advantages are that an all-in-one printer will take up less space and print jobs can technically be completed in one step. However, your hourly productivity is the same whether there is one step or two.
Usually, stand-alone heat setting equipment is preferred for a variety of reasons. First, it can typically last up to 40 years, making it a great long-term investment. Also important to understand is that stand-alone heat setting equipment can typically keep up with multiple printers, making for a more flexible and potentially more cost-effective solution. Why have a heat fixation unit for every printer when you can have one central unit servicing all your printers? And, in 10 years, when you’re ready to purchase another printer, you’ll be glad to know you don’t need any fixation equipment.
Not Sure Which Fabric Printing Machine is Right for You? Use Our Printer Finder Tool >>
We’re happy to answer any further questions you may have about dye sublimation or direct-to-fabric printers. Just contact us for advice!
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